Similarity

Similarity is related to the appearance of the object to them associating with the same group. As well as similar elements that you are able to detect from on object to one another can help distinguish the same group it is involved with.

Example:  This picture shows that even though the two high heels are different in the style they are still
similar in the color and type of show and category they fall under.

Continuity

Continuity is when there is a continuous movement usually of geometric objects, can be viewed as pertaining to a similar or the same group. We tend to look or group things together that may have a pattern or lines that are continuous.

Example:
In the picture below there is a geometric objects(quarters) that are creating a continuous line/trail which help show that they are in the same group as one another.

Closure

Closure is described as an object that is formed or put together as a commonly known image, which helps the viewer see that it correlate to a comparable group. As humans we are able to mentally fill in this missing gaps/areas on an object to identify the shape of that particular figure.


Example: In this picture the concept of closure is shown by how even though there are gaps and are not connected completely you are still able to achieve what the figure should be.

Proximity

Proximity is when you combine the same object and keep them close to each other in distance. It helps you see things as more of a group instead of just individual objects or items. It also relates to how close you are in relationship to each other and in space.

Example: The pencils have created vertical lines as well as horizontal lines but since the proximity of the pencils you can also view them as two separate squares. As well as all the lines that are created by the pencils are close in space and their surroundings. 

Figure-Ground Perception

Figure-ground perception is when you only focus and see certain parts in your visual field as just a solid and then on the other hand when there is a less significant or less noticeable background the object will stand out to be more clear to the viewer.

Example: In this example below the red square is more noticeable with the white background rather then on the right side with the red background and the white square.

A Binocular Cue

A Binocular Cue is mainly based off the topic of depth perception, and how everyone is able to view certain things differently.  The first type is called binocular disparity; which can be described as the various angles we can view an object. If something is farther away in distance from you, the item or object appears similar. Except when placed closer to you your vision and eyes to distinguish  the difference becomes more difficult. Another type of Binocular Cue is referred as convergence which is commonly explained by when the object is closer to you it results in your eye having to move towards and into one another to keep complete clarity and focus on the object in front of you.

Example:
The two water bottles in this picture below are placed in two different spots that created depth, which will change your prospective on which ever water bottle you are keeping your focus on causing your eyes to move in or out.

Perceptual Constancies: Shape Constancy

In shape constancy, an object is seen as the same constant shape despite changes in its orientation. For example, an object can be rotated, flipped, etc. and we would still see it as the same object.

Example: Even though the telephone was flipped, we still perceive it as the same object.